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Terror, Terrain, and Turnout: Explaining the 2002 Midterm Elections
Gary C. Jacobson argues that the results of the 2002 congressional election were
consistent with past midterm elections as referenda on the administration and the
economy, although the terrorist attacks of September 11 profoundly affected the referendum's
substance. The modest Republican victory was a consequence of the post-
September 11 rally in support for President George W. Bush, redistricting (in the
House), and higher turnout among Republican loyalists. There was no evidence of
any national shift in public sentiment toward the Republican party.
The 2024 Presidential and Congressional Elections: Small Wave, Seismic Effects, Gary C. Jacobson
The Dimensions, Origins, and Consequences of Belief in Donald Trump’s Big Lie, Gary C. Jacobson
The 2022 Elections: A Test of Democracy’s Resilience and the Referendum Theory of Midterms, Gary C. Jacobson
The Presidential and Congressional Elections of 2020: A National Referendum on the Trump Presidency, Gary C. Jacobson
Extreme Referendum: Donald Trump and the 2018 Midterm Elections, Gary C. Jacobson
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AMERICA AT 250:
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